| 영문 초록 |
1. The contributions of the Catholic church The influence of the Nestorian religion had already taken place in the 16th century, when the Prince So-Hyun who was taken hostage to China and became acquainted with Fr. Adam Schuull. When the Prince returned to Korea in 1644 the priest gave him a painting of Christ. It was the first European Christian painting brought to Korea. From early in the 18th century many scholars in Korea became interested in Catholic doctrines and heard about the religious paintings and the sculptures of the Catholic churches in China. During the persecution in 1801, Yi, Hyi-Young a professional painter was beheaded because the court officers knew that he had painted three portraits of Jesus for Hwang, So-Yung who was also executed. Catholic churches, unlike the protestant churches, require the believers to keep crucifixes, rosaries and icons for their devotional life. It is believed that these artistic works were influenced by the Renaissance forms of the 16th century and were based upon realistic styles. Thus, the fact that the Catholic church introduced Christian art into Korean society was a great contribution. The most important contribution of the Catholic church during the enlightment period was in the area of architecture. Two styles of church buildings were adopted by the missionaries. One was the traditional style of a Korean house; these buildings were built in local areas and in the countryside. The other was mainly Gothic or Semi-gothic in style, including some Romanesque elements. The styles of these early Catholic churches greatly influenced the future development of Korean Christian Art and architecture. The Myung-Dong Catholic cathedral was decorated with fine stained glass made in Tours, France. The window on the wall shows "Fifteen scenes of the rosary". The western window illustrates "Mary worshipping" and the western window shows "Peter, sho has a key of the kingdom of Heaven". This was the first time that stained glass was used in Korea. However, it can be said, that these were not Korean cultural products but the arts of an outside influence. These imported arts were only translated to a new cultural environment. Chang Bal was a pioneer painter in Christian art. His most important work was the creation of altar pieces of the Myung-Dong Catholic cathedral. They are oil paintings of the fourteen apostles. It is said that he often visited Sokkulam to study the guardian deities, the relief works of research, taking ideas from Sokkulam for his altar-pieces. 2. The activities of the Protestant churches in Korea: One can hardly seek so-called Christian art amongst the Protestant churches in those days. Many missionaries concentrated on establishing churches, dispensaries, orphanages, and publishing houses. They not only had financial difficulties, but often faced the missunderstandings of the native people and ill-treatment by Japanese officials. The general policy of constricting church buildings was followed by the Nevius method. One of the four cardinal points of this policy was follows: ‥‥Fourth, to let the native provide their own church buildings, which were to be native in architecture, and of such style as the local church could afford to construct. Among these building, Kang-Wha Episcopal church is worthy of notes. It was designed by Fr. M. N. Trollop and the building was completed in 1900. The exterior is one story and has an amazing basilica style, including clerestory windows. The chief carpenter was the same man who built the Kyong-Bok Palace in Seoul. The cross on the roof included in the design four fishes symbolizing the salvation of Christ. Korean people easily accepted this kind of architecture. Thus, it gave the natives a kind of homogeneous feeling. Another typical indigenous construction was Chang Dae Hyun Presbyterian church, Pyong Yang, built in 1900. It was divided into two parts; one for men and the other for the women. The reason for this was that, according to Confucian moral conception, men and women had to have different seats. There were not only indigenous elements in the chuuch building during the period of enlightenment but also the 18th century American missionaries. Under the circumstances, the Protestant churches adopted the so-called neo-classicism, which included various anciant styles. 3. As far as religious paintings are concerned, during the enlightenment period there was almost nothing to be recorded except the illustration of Pilgrim`s Progress, which was translated by J. S. Gale and his wife with their Korean teacher. The Illustration were done by Kim, Jun-Keun in 1894. The figures in the illustrations show Korean native costumes. They are not only indigenous but artistically fine work. Kim, Eun-Ho mada a large monumental painting called "After Resurrection" which consisted of three parts similar to a medieval alter-piece. In a sense, Christ is symbolized as Korea oppressed by Japan and the disciples illustrate the Koreans who are in a frustrated situation. Therefore, this was a kind of resistant art work against Japanese imperiolism. Because of this painting he was suspected by the Japanese government. St. Mary and Nicholas Cathedral was built in Seoul in 1922 ts 1926. The designer was C. S. Dixon and the supervisor was Bishop M. N. Trollope who knew Korea`s indigenous culture, it was built in a Romanesque style. Tai Wha Kitokkyo Hoi Kwan was not an ordinary church building. The methodist church built a two-story, Korean-styled building which symbolized Korea`s independent spirit. Kim Wha church, a small methodist church was built at Chul-won in about 1930 and designed by Rev. V. W. Peters. This church had many religious symbolism. 4. Since 1937, normal activities of art stopped because of the desperate efforts of Japan`s militarism. Even artists were forced to participate in achieving the purpose of their war. Under the circumstance, the activities of christian artists in Korea in those days was curtrailed. After Korean War, Protestant and Catholic artists jointly opened Christian art Exhibition at Midopa Art gallery in Seoul. In 1963, the 5th National Christian Education Convention was held at Ewha Women`s University. On this occation, some of noted Christian artists were invited to their memorial exhibition. When the New YMCA building in Seoul was completed in October 1969. Some Christian artists were invited to display their works. Chang, Un-Sang`s Dong Ship and Kim, Eun-Ho`s After Resurrection were remarkable works. They both were realiztic, precisely done, and in the oriental style. During those days an important event took place in the activities of the minority which we must attribute to an act of the Holy Spirit. A christian names Kim Ki-Chang painted twenty-nine scenes of Jesus Christ, which he took refuge during the Korean war. Some of them were used as dover pictures of the Upper Room and some were purchased by C. W. S. in the United States. Finally, the Organization of the Korea Christian Artists Association came into being on Jan. 18. 1965. In 1966, the association held its first exhibition at the Press Center in Seoul. Since then, there have been annual art exhibitions. In 1992 the 27th exhibition was held at the same place. The association has more than 130 members and usually about 100 members display their works at the exhibitions. A prize system has been established and one million won is awarded(about US $1,400,000) to the winner. It is important to encourage the artists through the prize money, as well as depending on their spiritual revival. |
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